Indeed. This does, however, lead me to another question. Consider a controller that queries, then acts: it asks for all the customers with pending orders, then merges that with a view template. The controllers seems responsible for (at least) two things: (1) merging a valid set of customers with the view template and (2) choosing customers with pending orders (as opposed to some other set of customers). My question: since we stub the query, how do *you* become confident that the controller asks the model for the correct set of customers without setting an expectation on `Customers.where(order_status: :pending)`? This has always bothered me.